Russia's approach to space warfare includes which of the following?

• A. Separating space operations from ground warfare.
• B. Only cyber operations against space assets.
• C. Integrating space into military operations but avoiding ASAT weapons.
• D. Integrating space into military operations and developing ASAT weapons.

Answer: (D)

Space is treated as an integral warfighting domain, where space assets enable command and control, ISR, communications, and precision effects, and where adversaries seek to contest those assets. Russia’s approach reflects this integrated posture: it aims to use space-enabled capabilities for military operations while also developing anti-satellite weapons to deny or degrade an opponent’s space-based assets. This combination—plugging space into ongoing operations and building capabilities to counter space assets—best fits how the force envisions operating in a contested space environment.

Choosing segments that separate space from ground warfare, or that rely only on cyber against space assets, or that integrate space but avoid any ASAT capabilities, does not align with the overall trend of counterspace and space-enabled military development.