What type of warfare has Russia used in Ukraine?

• A. Conventional warfare
• B. Hybrid warfare
• C. Cyber warfare only
• D. Guerrilla warfare

Answer: (B)

Hybrid warfare describes blending conventional military force with irregular tactics, cyber operations, information warfare, and political-economic pressure to achieve strategic goals across multiple domains. This multi-faceted approach fits what’s been observed in Ukraine, where traditional ground offensives exist alongside irregular units, cyberattacks on infrastructure and networks, and efforts to shape opinion and governance through information campaigns and economic pressure. It’s not purely conventional warfare, which would rely on clear frontlines and formal declarations, and it’s not cyber warfare alone, which would ignore the massed ground operations and other domains. Guerrilla warfare focuses on small, irregular insurgent action, which isn’t the dominant pattern here. So hybrid warfare best captures the combination of tools and methods used.