Which group is involved in cyber threats according to the material?

• A. State actors only.
• B. Non-state actors only.
• C. Both state and non-state actors.
• D. Private corporations.

Answer: (C)

Threat actors in cyberspace come from a broad spectrum, not just one group. The material shows that both state actors and non-state actors are involved in cyber threats, each with different motives and methods. State actors may conduct espionage, sabotage, or disruption to advance national interests, while non-state actors—criminal organizations, hacktivists, terrorists, or lone attackers—engage in crime, ideological actions, or disruptive activities. Because the threat landscape includes these diverse players, the most accurate description is that cyber threats involve both state and non-state actors. Private corporations can be targets or even players in some scenarios, but limiting threats to private entities misses the broader reality that both government-backed and independent actors contribute to cyber risks.