Which of the following are examples of man-made threats to space systems?

• A. Jamming, cyberattacks, and anti-satellite weapons.
• B. Solar radiation and orbital debris.
• C. Space weather events.
• D. Meteor showers.

Answer: (A)

Human-caused threats are those where deliberate action by people or groups disrupts, degrades, or destroys space assets. In this sense, jamming, cyberattacks, and anti-satellite weapons are the clear examples: jamming deliberately transmits interference to disrupt the satellite’s communications or navigation signals, cyberattacks compromise control systems and data, and anti-satellite weapons are designed to physically damage or destroy satellites in orbit.

The other options mix natural phenomena with human-made factors. Solar radiation and space weather, or meteor showers, originate from natural processes and environments and can impact spacecraft, but they’re not initiated through human action. Orbital debris is primarily a human-made hazard, but the inclusion of solar radiation in that choice makes it not solely a man-made threat.